There are several benefits for trucking companies in the new tax plan. Troy Hogan from accounting, tax and consulting firm Katz, Sapper & Miller lays out the three most important. ( Photo: Shutterstock )
Commentary
With the ELD mandate enforcement date behind us, owners of trucking companies can now focus on the next sweeping change to impact their business; implementation of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that was signed into law by President Trump on Dec. 22, 2017. Taxpayers have not been subject to this kind of overhaul to the tax code since The Reform Act of 1986. We will provide more details as we continue to analyze this extensive new legislation, but below are some key provisions that will likely affect most trucking companies.
1. Changes to Depreciation and Equipment Transactions
For equipment acquired and placed in service after Sept. 27, 2017, taxpayers will be allowed to write off 100 percent of the cost under the revised bonus depreciation rules. The 100 percent write-off will begin to phase down 20 percent per year starting in 2023 until it is scheduled to sunset at the end of 2026. Under the old law, bonus depreciation only applied to new property, but has now been expanded to include used property as well. Keep in mind that many state jurisdictions do not allow bonus depreciation and require an adjustment to taxable income.
Section 179 limitations have been increased to allow for expensing of up to $1 million of equipment as long as total equipment purchases for the year do not exceed $2.5 million. The Section 179 limit for heavy SUVs remains at $25,000. Both of these amounts will be indexed for inflation for tax years beginning after 2018. As with bonus depreciation, many state jurisdictions require an adjustment to taxable income for Section 179 deducted in excess of $25,000. Interestingly, some states allow the bonus depreciation but not the Section 179, and vice-versa. This will create some tax planning opportunities for trucking companies that have significant mileage in one of these states.
Like-kind exchanges have been a popular tool to defer gains on equipment sales, but, going forward, their use will be limited to real property transactions. While at first this might seem detrimental, the tax effect will be mitigated in the mid-term with the 100 percent bonus depreciation allowance. S corporations with built-in gains exposure (was a C corporation within the last five tax years) will be impacted by this law change as Like-kind exchanges were an effective tool used to defer built-in gains.
2. Changes to Per-Diem Programs
Many trucking companies have successfully implemented per-diem programs to aid in driver retention and to put more money in the drivers’ pockets. There are no changes in the new tax law to these “company sponsored” per-diem plans. For employee drivers of companies that do not offer a per-diem plan, under old law, they were able to claim their own per-diem deduction as a two percent itemized deduction. Under the new law, two percent itemized deductions have been suspended and it is possible that your employee drivers may now face a tax increase. However, the standard deduction has also been doubled, and tax rates overall have decreased, so the actual tax impact will be unique for each employee driver. For companies that have previously considered adding a per-diem plan, but have yet to do so, now is a great time to reconsider your recruiting strategy.
3. Changes to Tax Rates and Entity Tax Considerations
One of the primary goals of tax reform was to enhance the competitive landscape of United States businesses through a reduction in the corporate tax rate. The new law was successful in this area, slashing the C corporation tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent. S corporations and other pass-through entities were not left out, as there is a new 20 percent deduction for domestic “qualified business income.”
The deduction is generally limited to the greater of either:
a. 50 percent of the allocable W-2 wages paid with respect to the qualified trade or business, or
b. the sum of 25 percent of the allocable W-2 wages with respect to the qualified trade or business plus 2.5 percent of the unadjusted basis, immediately after acquisition, of all qualified property.
Trucking companies that are currently S corporations might be wondering if switching to a C corporation may be beneficial to take advantage of the lower corporate tax rate. Careful consideration must be given before deciding to revoke your company’s S corporation election. C corporation earnings will continue to be subject to double-taxation, and therefore under many scenarios, S corporations will still have an overall lower effective tax rate. Additionally, S corporations are not subject to gross income limitations when choosing the overall cash method of accounting that many trucking companies enjoy. As an additional consideration, S corporation shareholders that have suspended losses would forfeit those losses upon revocation.
For questions on how these or other new tax provisions apply to your trucking company, please contact your KSM advisor. Additional information regarding tax reform, long-term planning strategies, and more can be found here.
Troy Hogan is a director in Katz, Sapper & Miller’s Business Advisory Group. Troy consults with clients to manage business concerns specific to the transportation industry and crafts solutions related to tax deferral, per diem, fuel tax credits, and entity restructuring. Connect with him on LinkedIn.